托福閱讀方法技巧總結

時間：2024-08-22 02:30:51 托福(TOEFL)

托福閱讀方法技巧總結

　　關于托福閱讀方法技巧的介紹內容,小編整理了一些相關資料給大家參考，覺得有用的話就快快收藏吧。

托福閱讀方法技巧總結

　　下面來講講我的閱讀方法和分析思路：

　　一、閱讀步驟：

　　我把它總結成幾個短句：

　　1. 10秒預覽. 花很短的時間預覽文章全部。預覽什么?

　　(1)特征詞，人名，地名，大寫字母，acronym(考考你什么意思)，特殊的斜體字還由數字。目的是看出本文的性質，是人文科學?還是自然科學，是人物介紹，還是新事物說明，還是新發現的介紹，還是講歷史或者考古學等等。

　　(2)1+1+1。就是文章的每段首末句，文章的最后一句。目的就是理解文章的主題。要注意這個時間加起來(肯定沒有10秒那么短)大概就是1分鐘，所以以后改叫60秒預覽.現在你有了大致的主題在腦海中，好了，現在進行第二步.

　　2. 詳略得當的細讀原文。Peter反對所謂的快速閱讀，我認為文章應該全部讀過去，只是在以下幾個地方可以加速閱讀

　　(1)類比的地方：把什么比做什么，重點看被比做的對象，原來的對象略讀(我說的略讀意思是理解但不分析)

　　(2)列舉的地方：看一至兩個列舉項就可以，了解其特征即可，其他部分一掃而過。

　　(3)舉例的地方：如果看懂了作者的觀點，舉例可以略讀，但是沒看懂觀點，必須細讀例子。

　　(4)人名地名：用詞首大寫字母代替，能區分張三李四，煙臺西安就可以。

　　(5)同位語：地位并列，看懂一個就可以(當然在對比型的文章中就都要看，這里就體現出了剛才10秒預覽的作用，在對文章性質的理解基礎上，可以很好的取舍，決定對文章閱讀的詳略)

　　3. 5秒回想

　　在讀完每一段的時候，千萬不要直接進入下一段，這時候不要看文章，試著在頭腦里回想剛才讀過的那段在講什么，再次歸納段主題，并和剛才3+1+1過程中得到的文章主題比較，做出修正。其實這樣做是很有道理的，你一定看過老楊的17天，它說短期的記憶周期是5分鐘，所以我們的5秒回想其實就是復習，加深了記憶。許多人覺得他們閱讀讀完了對文章印象一片空白，就是因為沒有及時復習。

　　4. 完成上面的步驟，我們就算讀完了文章，最后在腦海里把你對文章的認識做一點修改，形成你通過剛才閱讀得到的知識體系，下面就是用來做題了。

　　二、題目類型：

　　1. 主題題：

　　考文章主題找全文中心句為依據，考段主題找段中心句為依據。界定范圍之后首先排除越界的選項(與全文無關，或者與本段無關的，或者其他段里偷換來的，記住在TOEFL閱讀里邊，它山之石，不可攻本山之玉)之后對剩余選項的范圍進行分析，不符合題干范圍的全部排除(范圍過小的，范圍過寬的)然后排除絕對選項，all,almost, only, most , must 看到就要懷疑是否絕對化了。把這些都排除完了，估計答案就出來了，最后把答案和你剛才自己得到的主題對應一下，檢查是否正確就可以。

　　2. 猜詞秀(這種題可以說是TOEFL閱讀的招牌了)

　　給大家一個口訣：拋開詞匯本身，前后各看一句，注意對應關系，分析感情色彩，主動被動區分，選詞代入驗證。上面的幾句差不多就可以概括做猜詞題的全部要點了，其實說是猜詞，其實很不恰當，因為我們猜的實際上是某一個詞在一個句群中所起的修飾，限制，補充作用，所以我們一定要從句群來分析詞。所以，遇到一個猜詞題，首先確定這個詞所處的句群，可能是3，5句，有時候甚至是整個段。然后我們把主考詞所在的那一句孤立出來，看它和前后句子的關系。下面我具體說說句子之間的關系。

　　托福的閱讀，甚至是所有的英文閱讀，都遵循著一個從主題到細節，從抽象到具體的說理原則，就是不管是文章框架，還是段落框架，都是先羅列主題，再分述，分述的時候也是先列舉觀點，再闡釋細節，必要的時候舉例說明。Peter通過分析歷年的考試題，發現猜詞題的句子一般不是主題句，那么只是細節句或者是分述句.那么我們就拋開主題與細節之間的關系，但來看細節句之間的關系.其實細節句之間的關系只有兩種，同義關系或者是反義關系，同義關系就是：遞進，并列，解說，舉例，擴展，這些關系實際上前后句說的是一個意思，所以前句的信息可以直接用來為猜詞服務.而反義關系就是：轉折，讓步，否定，反例.那么只要把前句關系取反，就可以為猜詞服務.好了吧，到這里我想大家應該掌握了猜詞的做法.當然，我們還有輔助的分析辦法，如果猜詞的本身你認識，那么也可以作為你猜詞的信息，但是一定要注意，你所知道的意思只是輔助信息，不是主要信息，因為它不具有文章的特性，放到特殊的文章里邊就可能和原義有了差別.在分析選項的時候，四個詞一定要代入原來的句群，看它是否真的和原意群完全吻合，包括動賓搭配，動狀搭配，介詞搭配，和定語與中心語的搭配.

　　3. 指代題可以完全按照猜詞題的辦法來做.

　　4. 細節題：辦法就是找，找到了就成功了一半，這種題關鍵是一定要把對細節的把握建立在對全文和全局的把握上.

　　5. Except和True or False的題型.其實還是搜索，只不過可能有人會覺得找不到，Peter的辦法是拿題干核心詞和四個選項結合，搜索選項，這樣至多三次就可以選出答案.

　　Questions 40-50 The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors andbeneficiaries of projects that place art in public places. (主題!)They have shown exceptionalimagination in applying the diverse forms of contemporary art to a wide variety of purposes.The activities observed in a number of “pioneer” cities sponsoring art in public places-a (5 )broadening exploration of public sites, an increasing awareness among both sponsors andthe public of the varieties of contemporary artistic practice, and a growing publicenthusiasm-are increasingly characteristic of cities across the country. (關注和熱情加大)Withmany cities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emergingfor the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings, (10)plazas,parks, and　transportation facilities.(新的趨勢) The result of these activities is a group ofartworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and goalsof the sponsoring communities. In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoonlike Mermaid inMiami Beach by Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by Alan Sonfist.(各種的公共藝術) The use (15) of murals followed quickly upon the use of sculpture and has broughtto public sites the work of artists as different as the realist Thomas Hart Benton and the Popartist Robert Rauschenberg. The specialized requirements of particular urban situations havefurther expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has createda monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin (20) andBill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transitfacilities. And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment torevitalize urban areas.(art的作用和象征意義) By continuing to sponsor projects involving agrowing body of art in public places, cities will certainly enlarge the situations in which thepublic encounters and grows (25)familiar with the various forms of contemporary art.(熟悉現代藝術) Indeed, cities are providing artists with an opportunity to communicate with a newand broader audience. Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and privatespaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions. They are workingin new, often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale.(給藝術家代來新的藝術交流形式)

　　現在我拿本文來展示我的Peter閱讀法：

　　1.60秒預覽：看到了The cities in the United States(大寫字母，地名)New York City(城市)

　　a monument to Martin Luther King(名人)差不多了，Peter確定了是人文科學的文章，又和米國有關，涉及到了一些名人，這就是文章的屬性.

　　2.1+1+1：The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors andbeneficiaries of projects that place art in public places. +The result of these activities is a groupof artworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character andgoals of the sponsoring communities. +In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoonlikeMermaid in Miami Beach by　Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by AlanSonfist.+And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment torevitalize urban areas.+By continuing to sponsor projects involving a growing body of art inpublic places, cities will certainly enlarge the situations in which the public encounters andgrows +They are working in new, often more durable　media, and on an unaccustomed scale.所以可以看出文章大概可能仿佛似乎好象在說城市對藝術的資助以及藝術在這種環境下的發展以及對城市的影響.

　　3.下面開始讀文章.讀完第一段回想，本段講了美國城市對公共場所藝術的支持，許多先驅藝術家都參與進來，然后現在許多城市都在建設，這又給了公共場所藝術一個發展的空間.

　　讀完第二段回想，大概作者是在舉具體的例子，談到了雕塑和各城市里的藝術作品.(本段可能會考細節)

　　第三段回想，這里講公共場所藝術對市民和藝術家的影響.好了，大概的框架建立了起來，同時Peter把具體的分析用括號括起來放在文章里.現在來看題.

　　43. According to the passage, new settings for public art are appearing as a result of (A)communities that are building more art museums (B) artists who are moving to urban areas(C) urban development and renewal (D) an increase in the number of artists in the UnitedStates. 答案C，我選D 解答：看看Peter的第一段的3秒回想，城市建設方面，具體句子是With manycities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging for theinclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings, (10)plazas, parks,and transportation facilities，然后其實后邊也有一句對應的：The specialized requirements ofparticular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places:綜合起來我們肯定是選C.

　　49. The word “executing” in line 28 is closest in meaning to (A) judging (B) selling (C) explaining(D) producing 答案是D，我選的C 解答：哈哈，來招牌菜了，我們來分析這個題.Indeed, cities areproviding artists with an opportunity to communicate with a new and broader audience.Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that intoaccount when executing their public commissions. They are working in new, often more durablemedia, and on an unaccustomed scale.好的，OK現在從后句來分析，后句They are working in new,often more durable media, and on an unaccustomed scale和前句是解釋關系，也就是同義的，那么我們直接拿來用，They are working 和executing their public commissions對應，好了，去答案里可以直接把producing挑出來了，因為artists的work就是創造，和評判，賣，解釋關系不大(其實賣也是artist的工作，但是公共的藝術，在本文和金錢無關)好了，Peter再次賴皮了是不?又沒有分析主考詞executing，不過既然能選對，不分析這個詞不犯法吧，哈哈.(這也是紅寶書上的詞.)

　　50. According to paragraph 3, artists who work on public art projects are doing all of thefollowing　EXCEPT：

　　(A) creating artworks that are unusual in size 　　　(B) raising funds to sponsor variouspublic projects 　　(C) exposing a large number of people to works of art (D) using newmaterials that are long-lasting.

　　答案B，我選的D

　　可以用Peter說的定位方法，

　　(A) creating artworks that are unusual in size=on an unaccustomed scale

　　(B) raising funds to sponsor various public projects(C) exposing a large number of people toworks of art=recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces (D) using newmaterials that are long-lasting. =durable 好了，ACD排除了之后，可以選B了.

　　其他幾篇文章：

　　閱讀：

　　Questions 1-9: Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the secondmoon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days,Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system's (5)mostintriguing(我讀到這里就認為這個詞有很大的嫌疑考猜詞.) worlds. The biggest initial surprise wasthe almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visiblefeatures are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. (前面看不懂沒關系，看到了resembling先大笑三聲，大概就是cracks in an eggshell)And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of cratersindicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap(再笑吧，我們現在知道surface 像Earth's Antarctic ice cap). The (10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate sincethe ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick -a true shell around what is likely a subsurfaceliquid ocean that , in turn, encases a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warmover the eons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other bigmoons as they wheel around Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle.The resulting internal heat (15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to thesurface. The cracklike marks on Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slushoozes from below. (這里不管你能不能看懂中間，這最后一句打死也要明白，因為它在解釋雞蛋殼上的"裂痕"Peter估計這里可能會有考題) Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, whenthe best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea thatEuropa's subsurface ocean might harbor life.(老生常談了!) Life processes could have begunwhen Jupiter was releasing a (20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was producedby the compression of the material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far lessradiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minorcompared to its former intensity. During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa'socean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.

　　1. The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(果然，就是考了猜詞，這個我不是騙人，我讀到那里就覺得要考猜詞了.這種你絕對認識但是一時說不明白什么意思的詞絕對高頻!!!)

　　(A) changing (B) perfect (C) visible (D) fascinating 這道題沒猜對，應該是D，我選的C，看到后面有visible

　　解答：我把這個句子拿下來再看：. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic.Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system'smost intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away.好了，現在再來分析，你應該可以看出Peter拿了這個詞的前后兩句，其實不止兩句，最好頭腦里現在想著這篇文章在說什么.開始作者說從astronomy textbook statistic到close-upimages是想表達什么意思?以前關于歐羅巴的資料只是數據，現在已經有了圖象，那我現在就認為這個intriguing可能有"真實，準確，栩栩如生，生動，"等意思，繼續往下看，was transformed-in ourperception說明可能生動，栩栩如生這方面的意思可能更多一點，現在看后邊的句子，好了，看到了surprise，可以大笑三聲了，因為可以體會出作者的思想感情出來了，好了，現在直接把A,C選項拉出去弊了，那么就請比較perfect和fascinating這兩個詞哪個可以表達我上邊分析的含義，你可以發現perfect強調完美，而后者有allure吸引的含義，你是永遠不可能把perfect和surprise 聯系起來的，也不可能把perfect和生動聯系起來，所以這個題絕對是D.

　　注意：你可以看出Peter在分析這個題的時候完全沒看intriguing那個詞和句子，不過你如果背過紅寶書，相信你連分析也不用，就直接選了D，我還能記得這個詞在word list22,或者23不信你去找找.

　　8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Europa?

　　(A) They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing. (B) They prevent tides that coulddamage Europa's surface. (C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizesEuropa. (D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level. 答案是A，我選的是D

　　解答：答案在這里：The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. 這里has been kept warm不就是They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing嗎?

　　9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa's surface?

　　(A) A long period of extremely high tides (B) Water breaking through from beneath the surfaceice (C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice (D) Heat generated by the hotrocky core 答案是B，我選的C

　　解答：呵呵，Peter又一次準確預測了考試題，看來我可以去出題了.這里就是問雞蛋殼上的"裂痕"wateror slush oozes from below.，這里你選C可能就是看到了slush，其實這詞啥意思我也不知道，但我認識water，而且要注意water是要from below而不是on top，而且這個continous　pressure也不對吧.

　　Questions 30-39 Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over severalmillennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet of waterreleased by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60,000 B.C.and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The (5 )first people traveledin the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them not only their families,weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams andvisions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented their scientific and historicalknowledge of the lives of animals and of people. (從物質生活講到文化生活)All this they shaped ina variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. (10)Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, areeasily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written. But on reflection it becomesclear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the termconcerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately,literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, (15)or mode ofpresentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the struggle inwords between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling innervision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form. Of course, the differences between thewritten and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding ofNative American literature. The essential (20)difference is that a speech event is an evolvingcommunication,(重要區別) an “emergent form,” the shape, functions, and aesthetic valuesof which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performingverbal art , the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of theperformance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer'scompetence in both areas. It is this intense (25)mutual engagement that elicits the displayof skill and shapes the emerging performance. Where written literature provides us with atradition of texts, oral literature offers a tradition of performances. (對比型文章)

　　34. What is the main point of the second paragraph?

　　(A) Public performance is essential to verbal art. (B) Oral narratives are a valid form ofliterature. (C) Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art. (D) The production ofliterature provides employment for many artists. 答案是B，我選的是C

　　解答：黑體的是第二段，先把A和D拉出去弊了，與本段無關，其實C也可以直接弊了，因為本段沒涉及到Native American，所以不可能是C.我們來看第二段： Contemporary readers, forgetting the originsof western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only assomething written. But……好了，看到這里足夠了，這是本段主題句，這個句子是說原以為文學只是寫出來的，"但是"用來進行轉折，那我們很容易就能明白作者是說口語也是一種文學的形式.做主題的關鍵是抓住主題句，同時排除無關內容.將排除法和直選法結合起來.

　　35. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in thepassage?

　　(A) It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia. (B) Its main focus is on daily activities. (C) It is based primarily on scientific knowledge. (D) It is reshaped each time it is experienced. 答案是D，我選的A 這篇沒看懂

　　解答：這題是個crazy test，就是亂序題，亂序題唯一的難度就是不好找，找到了基本就做出來了，但是如果我們能對全文結構有一個深刻的了解，我們應該可以找到出處.先把C 扔掉，明顯是湊數的選項.A也可以扔掉，因為偷換了概念，作者在說nature of the Native American literature ，那么它一定要有NativeAmerican 的特性，不是問的起源，這一定要明白.BC都有道理，就看哪個可以直接由文章infer了， Forseveral periods of time, the first beginning around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animalsthey hunted. They brought with them not only their families, weapons, and tools but also abroad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in mythand song, which complemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animalsand of people. 這里可以看出作者把periods of time和metaphysical understanding,聯系在一起，于是就可以放心的選D了.

　　37. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in thepassage?

　　(A) It involves acting.(B) It has ancient origins. (C) It has a set form. (D) It expresses an innervision.　　　　　　　　答案是C，我選的D，找不到定位

　　解答：這種題要反過來定位，就是把題干的核心詞和每一個選項加在一起定位.也就是最多定位三次，(答案是A定位一次就OK)這個你自己試著定位看看，我這里只給出對應的詞或者短語：(A) It involves acting._performance　(B) It has ancient origins._Asia 　(C) It has a set form.沒發現，不但沒發現，還找到了相反的_evolving　(D) It expresses an inner vision._dreams and visions

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