小升初英語語法之分詞作定語
小升初必備語法：分詞作定語
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞后置 (i.分詞詞組;ii. 個別分詞如given, left; iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動關系，相當于一個被動語態的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關系，應用過去分詞做定語表被 動，相當于定語從句 which is written
2)What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關系。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
英語語法經典例題800例：非謂語動詞（例題1）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學一看到空格前的情態動詞 could 就斷定此處應填動詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實正確答案應是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動詞 do，若把句子補完整應為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語的，而不是與情態動詞(could)一起構成謂語。請再看類似例句：
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學習以便趕上他的同學。
值得指出的是，這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結構的題就一定選帶to不定式。請看以下試題：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現在分詞短語 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C，這與前面動詞 spent 的搭配有關，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D，注意兩點：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意為“把……貢獻給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，后接動詞時要用動名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據 can’t help doing sth 這一結構推出。
【分析】其實答案應選A。比較以下結構：
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請看以下試題：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應選C，句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據句意用被動形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B。現分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，故后接動詞時要用動名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨立主格結構，用作狀語。
(4) 選C錯誤：因為all her time 與 devote 為被動關系，故應將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯誤：若單獨看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒有錯，但問題是逗號前后兩個簡單句沒有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或將D將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語語法經典例題800例：虛擬語氣（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話——但事實上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語氣，句子既然用了虛擬語氣，也就是說，“他喝醉了”不是事實，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認為前后兩句的動詞性質應一致;選C者，認為其后帶有if 條件狀語從句，從語氣上看，主句應用將來時態。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助動詞 + 主語”是一個很有用的結構，它表示“……也一樣”時。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當動植物消失的時候，人類也會隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語從句的謂語用的是虛擬語氣(這是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應選D。
英語語法經典例題800例：強調句（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認為強調的是原因狀語從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實際上，此題的答案為B，強調的是句子主語 our being late，此題若還原成非強調句，即為：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，強調句的一個顯著特點是，若去掉強調結構 it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;換句話說，該結構中的 that 不能充當句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A，為強調句的特殊疑問句形式，其相應的陳述句形式為：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題，它們也屬強調句的特殊疑問句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C，被強調成分為 who，該句實為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強調句的特殊疑問句形式(即對其中的Tom 提問而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C，被強調成分為 what，該句實為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強調句的特殊疑問句形式(即對其中的a bike 提問而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選，但最有可能誤選的可能是A，認為這是一個普通的系表結構，即認為第二空要填形容詞作表語。
【分析】其實，此題是一個強調句，其非強調形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強調句式強調其中的狀語 very carefully 即為上面一題的題干，所以答案應選B。請看下面幾例，也屬強調結構：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C，被強調成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時間狀語從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C，被強調成分為 at Christmas，其中的動詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認為這是一個強調句，強調地點狀語 in the hall。
【分析】假若選C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，該句的意思是“學生們通常是在
大廳開會”，單獨看這一句，無論是其意思還是其語法均未錯，但若將其與上文聯系起來看，則不通，因為上文的意思是“你是在
哪兒找到昨天作報告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。
其實，此題的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 為定語從句，用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall，句意
為“是在學生們經常開會的那個大廳(找到教授的)”，這樣語意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個強調句型，空格處應填 that (即選D)，被強調成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話，而是他話中的意思”。請再看兩例：
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C，為強調句型，被強調成分為 his nervousness in the interview，句意為“很可能是面試時表現出緊張，使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B，為強調句型，被強調成分為 the ability to do the job，句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你來自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語語法大全經典例題800例：名詞性從句（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學一看選項首先就排除了C和D，認為這樣兩個“引導詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A和B兩個選項中，選項A肯定不行，因為它引導賓語從句時不能充當句子成分，所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個what 用作動詞 meant 的賓語，第二個what 用作動詞 said 的賓語，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 為主句，what what he said meant 為賓語從句，而在此賓語從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個主語從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學誤選A，是因為認為介詞后應接關系代詞 which，但實際上，若填關系代詞，其前沒有先行詞，這根據不是一個定語從句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主語，所以B和D也不能選。請再做下面一題(答案選B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B，那么轉換成陳述句即為：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個謂語動詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語，all 為表語，you want to say 為定語從句，用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D，認為 when 后應用疑問句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個when引出的是一個特殊疑問句，故用疑問詞序;第二個 when 引出的是主語從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請做以下試題(答案選C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C，因為空格處實為一個賓語從句，所以不能用疑問句詞序。另一方面，但按英語習慣，當用于指代身份不明的人時，要用代詞it，而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門口，他想見你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個人在門口，可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone，說明此人身份尚不明確，故其后用了代詞 it 來指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B：選 A 的同學認為這是指人的，故用who;選B的同學認為這是非限制性定語從句，兩者都是誤認為這是定語從句(注意沒有先行詞)。
【分析】其實答案應選C。that引導的是一個賓語從句，用作動詞 know 的賓語，它只是被句中的插入語 my dear friend 隔開罷了。請做以下試題(答案均為C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導賓語從句，后面一題 that同位語從句(修飾the news)。
英語語法大全：特殊同位語歸納
英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，本章主要介紹英語語法中的句子成分，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
特殊同位語歸納
當兩個詞或詞組在一個句子中具有相同的語法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時，我們稱它們為同位語。基本形式的同位語大家一般不會出錯，但有幾種同位語，或由于本身結構特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結構比較特殊，往往會引起誤解。現小結并舉例說明如下，希望引起同學們的注意。
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊。
She has great concern for us students. 她對我們學生很關心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達了發起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個計劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會，是有史以來規模最大的，正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉換成定語從句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結構用作同位語
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數”，如：
學生每人都有一本詞典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
誤：The students each has a dictionary.
請比較下面一句(謂語用了單數，因為each為句子主語)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(即同位語從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們為你生病發愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動腦筋做此工作的想法是錯誤的。
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