自考00015英語(二)歷年真題及答案

時間：2025-04-28 02:01:34 王娟自學考試

自考00015英語(二)歷年真題及答案

　　歷年真題能夠幫助考生把握出卷人的命題風格，包括難易程度、考查趨向等，這對于明確復習方向和策略至關重要。下面是小編幫大家整理的自考00015英語(二)歷年真題及答案，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。

自考00015英語(二)歷年真題及答案

　　歷年真題及答案1

　　一、閱讀判斷（第1~10題，每題1分，共10分）

　　Lacking in Self-Esteem(自尊)?Good for you!

　　According to psychological and educational theories,self-esteem is essential for a successful life.Generations of children,especially minority kids,have been educated according to the theory that they lack self-esteem,and that this deficiency is central to any problems they may have in making their way in the world.

　　Well,guess what?A new research has found that self-esteem can be just as high among grade D students and drunk drivers as it is among Nobel Prize winners and former presidents.In fact,people with high self-esteem can engage in far more anti-social behavior than those with low self-esteem.“We used to believe that high self-esteem would cause all sorts of positive consequences and that if we raised self-esteem,people would do better in life,” a researcher said.“Mostly,the data have failed to support that.” Racists,street thugs(惡棍)and school bullies(惡霸)all have high scores on the self-esteem tests.And you can see why.If you think you’re highly gifted,you’re particularly offended if other people don’t treat you that way.So you hit out or commit crimes to defend your pride.After all,who are they to suggest that you could be doing something wrong?What do they know?

　　Self-esteem can also be an educational concern.College teachers are constantly complaining about the high self-esteem of their students.When every grade in the school is assessed so as to make the kid feel good rather than to give an accurate measure of his work,the kid can develop self-esteem dangerously unrelated to the truth.When he’s told he is getting a C grade in college,he can then get deeply offended or extremely angry.Weak professors give in to the pressure – hence,grade inflation,which results in their students’ vague touch with reality.

　　1.It is believed that minority kids often have self-esteem problem.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　2.A new research shows that high self-esteem is essential to success.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　3.Parents are responsible for their children’s self-esteem.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　4.Anti-social behavior is related to low self-esteem.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　5.Racists have low self-esteem.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　6.People with high self-esteem are hurt more easily.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　7.College students are faced with high economic pressure.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　8.College teachers are often annoyed with students’ high self-esteem.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　9.High grades help students know the truth of themselves.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　10.Some college students may find a C grade offending.

　　A.True B.False C.Not Given

　　二、閱讀選擇（第11~15題，每題2分，共10分）

　　Organic Farming

　　During thousands of years of huma civilization,the raising of animals and growing of plants have always been organic.Chemicals for farming first came up at the turn of the 20th century.Widespread use of chemicals began after World War II.In the 1950s and 60s farmers started using chemical fertilizers and pesticides(殺蟲劑).Recently,however,more and more farmers have been returning to organic farming.

　　In organic farming,farm products are produced in more natural ways.Crops,meat and other food are produced without chemicals.Chemical fertilizers,pesticides,and growth hormones(激素)are forbidden.Farmers enrich the soil with natural fertilizers.They pull out weeds by hand.Hay and straw are put between the rows of plants to stop weeding.They rely on the natural enemies of pests to control pests.Animals are fed organically and can eat grass outdoors.Cows,for example,are kept in pastures(草場)and fields.Vegetables and fruit are also produced with organic methods.

　　Organic farming enjoys many advantages.For example,crop rotation can preserve the good qualities of soils.The growing of different crops can keep soils healthy and fertile.Organic farming is healthier for farm workers,and there are fewer remains of chemicals in food.In the long run,organic farms save energy and protect the environment.It can slow down global warming and reduce the pollution of ground water.

　　Meanwhile,there are some disadvantages.Organic food is more expensive.Organic products may cost up to 40% more.Production costs are higher as farmers need more workers,and the land output is much less.Marketing and distribution is not efficient because organic food is provided in smaller amount.Crop illness may happen very often.Besides,organic farming cannot produce enough food for the world’s population to survive.This could lead to starvation in countries that can produce enough food today.

　　11.Organic farming ______.

　　A.started in the 1950s

　　B.had a short history

　　C.has become popular in recent years

　　D.was promoted by World War II

　　12.In organic farming ______.

　　A.cows can move around in fields

　　B.natural enemies of pests are scarce

　　C.chemicals are used to kill pests

　　D.machines are used to pull out weeds

　　13.The phrase “crop rotation”(Para.3)probably means “______”.

　　A.growing high-yielding crops

　　B.seasonal growing of crops

　　C.planting soil-enriching crops

　　D.regular changing of crops

　　14.One advantage of organic farming is that it is ______.

　　A.water-saving

　　B.labor-saving

　　C.market-friendly

　　D.environmentally-friendly

　　15.The problem of organic farming is ______.

　　A.poor qualities of soils

　　B.high production costs

　　C.the use of too much land

　　D.the shortage of farm workers

　　三、概括段落大意和補全句子（第16~25題，每題1分，共10分）

　　Health Benefits of Honey with Milk

　　Honey and milk get along well.Since ancient times,this mix is known for its amazing health benefits.

　　(1)Take a glass of honey with milk before you set out for your day in the morning,and you are guaranteed enough to get through the morning rush.Milk provides you the proteins required while honey helps you get the energy by breaking down these proteins.No wonder this drink is meant for all ages alike.

　　(2)Milk is known for providing calcium(鈣),which,in right levels,helps in preventing bone diseases as we age.Research has indicated that honey does a good job of carrying nutrients(營養成分)in the food through the blood to various parts of the body.In particular,honey helps in the absorption of calcium,the vital part of milk.

　　(3)If you ask doctors or your grandmother for a solution to your sleeplessness,you are bound to get the same answer –– a glass of warm milk with honey.It is best known to induce sleep.So take it regularly if you have sleeping problems.

　　(4)Milk and honey not only help in preventing aging by keeping the skin glowing,but also improve your body as a whole as they contain antioxidants(抗氧化物).These help keep the body young and flexible.For a very long time,this has been an open secret in keeping your body look and feel young.

　　(5)Both milk and honey are known to ward off harmful bacteria in our body,but their combined strength is more effective in achieving this effect.Cough and cold can be prevented by taking this drink regularly.It also aids in digestion and treating bowel disorders.

　　Task 1

　　A.Honey milk for digestion

　　16.Paragraph(1)

　　B.Honey milk for a youthful glow

　　17.Paragraph(2)

　　C.Honey milk for stronger bones

　　18.Paragraph(3)

　　D.Honey milk for energy

　　19.Paragraph(4)

　　E.Honey milk for a sound sleep

　　20.Paragraph(5)

　　F.Honey milk for antibacterial benefits

　　Task 2

　　21.Milk is rich in _______.

　　22.Milk and honey help _______.

　　23.Honey helps the absorption ______.

　　24.Your body may bend or move easily if you _______.

　　25.Drinking honey milk regularly can prevent _______.

　　A.proteins and calcium

　　B.fat and sugar

　　C.cough and cold

　　D.your body look and feel young

　　E.drink milk and honey

　　F.of calcium

　　四、填句補文（第26~30題，每題2分，共10分）

　　Insomnia(失眠)

　　I just could not fall asleep the other night.I just didn’t feel sleepy.I can’t explain why,but it was really annoying.

　　I got very bored lying in bed,so I decided to read a book.___26___ But even when I finished reading,I still didn’t feel tired.So I listened to some peaceful music.That didn’t work,either.I have heard people say if you have a warm drink before bedtime,it will help you drift off to sleep.So I went downstairs and made myself a cup of tea.___27___ Still,I couldn’t sleep.I was getting very frustrated by this point!

　　It felt strange to be awake while everyone else was asleep.___28___ In fact,it was a little big frightening.When you go to sleep,it feels like one day ends and another begins.But if you stay up late,you realize that day and night are just a gentle transition(轉變),a cycle while has no end and no beginning.At 4 a.m.,I noticed a faint light coming through my curtains.The sun had started to rise!

　　Normally,I’m a heavy sleeper.___29___ So on this occasion,I consider myself lucky to see a beautiful sunrise.I knew I needed to get some rest,but it seemed the harder I tried to force myself asleep,the more difficult it was.

　　Eventually,I just let my mind go free.___30___ I listened to the birdsong...and the next thing I knew it was 11 a.m.! I was happy that I had managed to get some sleep! I have never struggled with sleeping before,so this was my first experience of insomnia.Fortunately,I have been sleeping well since then.

　　A.The world seemed so quiet.

　　B.I stopped forcing myself to sleep.

　　C.After my tea,I got back into bed.

　　D.I didn’t want to wake up my family.

　　E.I thought reading would help me get to sleep.

　　F.I had never been awake at this time in the morning.

　　五、填詞補文（第31~40題，每題1.5分，共15分）

　　Smiles

　　A smile costs nothing but creates much.It enriches those who ____,without making those who give poor.It happens in a ____ and the memory of it sometimes lasts ____.None are so rich that they can get along without it,and none so ____ but are richer for its benefits.It creates ____ in the home,and fosters goodwill in a business.It is rest to the weary(疲勞的),daylight to the ____ and sunshine to the sad.Yet it can’t be bought,begged,borrowed,or stolen,for it is something that is no earthly good to anybody till it is given ____.And if in the last-minute rush of Christmas ____,some of our salespeople should be too ____ to give you a smile,may we ____ you to leave one of yours?For nobody needs a smile so much as those who have none left to give!

　　A.forever

　　E.discouraged

　　I.poor

　　B.away

　　F.flash

　　J.enough

　　C.happiness

　　G.receive

　　K.buying

　　D.satisfied

　　H.tired

　　L.ask

　　六、完形補文（第41~50題，每題1.5分，共15分）

　　The Importance of Friendship for School-age Children

　　Friends are very important to school-age children’s healthy(health)development.Research has ____(show)that children who lack friends can suffer from emotional and mental difficulties later in life.They have also found that children with friends have a ____(great)sense of happiness,better self-esteem and fewer problems as they grow up.

　　Friendships provide children with more than just fun ____(playmate).They help children develop emotionally and ____(moral).In interacting with friends,children learn many ____(society)skills,such as how to communicate,and how to cooperate.They practice ____(control)their emotions and responding to the emotions of others.They develop their ____(able)to think through and negotiate different situations in their relationships.Having friends ____(affect)children in many ways,even their school ____(perform).Children tend to have better attitudes about school and learning when they have friends there.In short,friendships are not just a luxury,they are a ____(necessary)for children.

　　七、寫作（30分）

　　請根據所提供材料中的要求完成一篇100詞左右的英文寫作任務。將你的答案寫在答題紙相應的位置上。

　　某英語學習報征集一篇題為“My Dream Trip”的稿件。請就此題目寫一篇英文短文應征，內容包括：

　　你最想去哪里旅游

　　為什么你最想去那里

　　答案

　　一、閱讀判斷（第1~10題，每題1分，共10分）

　　ABCBB

　　ACABA

　　二、閱讀選擇（第11~15題，每題2分，共10分）

　　CADDB

　　三、概括段落大意和補全句子（第16~25題，每題1分，共10分）

　　DCEBF

　　ADFEC

　　四、填句補文（第26~30題，每題2分，共10分）

　　ECAFB

　　五、填詞補文（第31~40題，每題1.5分，共15分）

　　GFAIC

　　EBKHL

　　六、完形補文（第41~50題，每題1.5分，共15分）

　　shown,greater,playmates,morally,social,controlling,ability,affects,performance,necessity

　　七、寫作（30分）：略

　　歷年真題及答案2

　　（）1.I don‘t know how to play bridge and ________.

　　A.my wife doesn‘t neither

　　B.my wife does either

　　C.neither does my wife

　　D.neither my wife does

　　（）2.He asked ________ since he had been chairman for seven years.

　　A.not to have been re-elected

　　B.to not be re-elected

　　C.not to be re-elected

　　D.to have not been re-elected

　　（）3.The guests said that they wouldn‘t mind _______.

　　A.to have a little light music

　　B.have a little light music

　　C.having a little light music

　　D.that they have a little light music

　　（）4.Last night we caught a thief _______ John‘s car.

　　A.when stealing

　　B.that be stole

　　C.to steal

　　D.stealing

　　（）5.Without the invention of writing，a man ________ to remember so many things which he can write down or find in a book.

　　A.is forced

　　B.will be forced

　　C.forced

　　D.would be forced

　　（）6.What would you ________ to eat tonight?

　　A.like

　　B.wish

　　C.want

　　D.hope

　　（）7.I ________ my bicycle on the left side.

　　A.get off from

　　B.get down

　　C.get down from

　　D.get off

　　（）8.Coal ________ electricity very often.

　　A.is used to producing

　　B.is used to produce

　　C.used to produce

　　D.used to producing

　　（）9.Why can‘t you do this small _______ for me?I’ve helped you often enough in the past.

　　A.work

　　B.demand

　　C.favour

　　D.good

　　（）10.Never _______ till tomorrow what may be done today.

　　A.put on

　　B.put away

　　C.put off

　　D.put up

　　（）11.Mother kept inviting Mrs.Smith to stay for lunch，and finally she _______.

　　A.gave out

　　B.gave off

　　C.gave in

　　D.gave away

　　（）12.I don‘t know what I’d have done if I_______to make that decision.

　　A.would have

　　B.had had

　　C.have had

　　D.did have

　　（）13.The problem of pollution in this city is more serious than ______ in other cities.

　　A.that

　　B.it

　　C.this

　　D.those

　　（）14.Dick found himself walking _______ the direction of the post office.

　　A.to

　　B.by

　　C.along

　　D.in

　　（）15._______ that we were late，we started to run.

　　A.Know

　　B.To know

　　C.Knowing

　　D.Being known

　　（）16.This room is _______ any of the others in the building.

　　A.the biggest than

　　B.big as

　　C.bigger than

　　D.the biggest of

　　（）17.Just think Ann got the house _______ all by herself!

　　A.paint

　　B.be painted

　　C.to paint

　　D.painted

　　（）18.The policeman caught the man _________ the arm.

　　A.by

　　B.with

　　C.on

　　D.at

　　（）19.To get an education，_______.

　　A.one must work hard

　　B.working hard is important

　　C.to work hard is necessary

　　D.it is needed to work hard

　　（）20.The old man could not decide ________ the money or to put it in the bank.

　　A.if he spent

　　B.whether to spend

　　C.that he spent

　　D.what to spend

　　（）21.I wish you‘d consider _______ to Miami with us this vacation.

　　A.going

　　B.that you‘ll go

　　C.to go

　　D.to going

　　（）22.I think I‘ll wait until the mail _______.

　　A.should come

　　B.is coming

　　C.comes

　　D.will come

　　（）23.We found ________.

　　A.the work hard for doing

　　B.hard to do the work

　　C.it hard for doing the work

　　D.the work hard to do

　　（）24.Professor Bixby warned his students ________ late for the examination.

　　A.not be

　　B.to be not

　　C.not to be

　　D.be not

　　參考答案：

　　1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.C

　　11.C 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.C 17.D 18.A 19.A 20.B

　　21.A 22.C 23.D 24.C

　　歷年真題及答案3

　　Read the following article on negotiating techniques and the question on the opposite page .

　　For each question 15 – 20,mark one letter(A,B,C or D )on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

　　The Negotiating Table:

　　You can negotiate virtually anything.Projects,resources,expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation.Some people negotiate deals for a living.Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers,called in by companies to negotiate on their behalf .He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because,as he is usually negotiating for somebody else,he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation.He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too adversarial.Whether he succeeds or not,it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him.

　　The starting point for any deal,he believes,is to identify exactly what you want from each other.More often than not,one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of view.Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”.This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”.However,although this can make talks more difficult,this is often just a starting point in the negotiation game.Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.

　　It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart suits.Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.Pitch your look to suit your customer.You do not need to make them feel better than you but,For example,dressing in a style that is not overtly expensive or successful will make you more approachable.People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to them.They may not like you but they will feel they can trust you.

　　Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.Ask questions rather than give answers and take an interest in what the other person is saying,even if you think what they are saying is silly.You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them.A lot of deals are made on impressions.Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in,do not try to blind them with your verbal dexterity.Also,you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.

　　Inevitably some deals will not succeed.Generally the longer the negotiations go on,the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to waste.However,joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes,if this becomes too great,neither party may be prepared to see the deal through .More common is a corporate culture clash between companies,which can put paid to any deal.Even having agreed a deal,things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved,everything gets slowed down as they argue about small details.

　　De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of negotiation.Their goals are totally selfish.They understand the decision-making process within families perfectly.If Mum refuses their request,they will troop along to Dad and pressure him.If al else fails,they will try the grandparents,using some emotional blackmail.They can also be very single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are pursuing.So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to children.

　　15 Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to

　　A put people at ease

　　B remain detached

　　C be competitive

　　D impress rivals

　　16 Many people say “no” to a suggestion in the beginning to

　　A convince the other party of their point of view

　　B show they are not really interested

　　C indicate they wish to take the easy option

　　D protect their company’s situation

　　17 Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should

　　A adapt your style to the people you are talking to

　　B make the other side feel superior to you

　　C dress in a way to make you feel comfortable.

　　D try to make the other side like you

　　18 According to Dr Cohen,understanding the other person will help you to

　　A gain their friendship

　　B speed up the negotiations

　　C plan your next move.

　　D convince them of your point of view

　　19 Deals sometimes fail because

　　A negotiations have gone on too long

　　B the companies operate in different ways

　　C one party risks more than the other.

　　D the lawyers work too slowly

　　20 Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should

　　A be prepared to try every route

　　B try not to make people feel guilty

　　C be careful not to exhaust yourself

　　D control the decision-making process.

　　答案:

　　15-20 BDADBA

　　15.第一段有這樣一句話needs to avoid being too adversarial，也就是說要保持客觀，公正，超然，所以選擇B。

　　16.從第二度最后一句話可以看出，Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.應該選擇D。

　　17.第三段，Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.Pitch your look to suit your customer.所以選擇A。

　　18.You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them.you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.所以選擇D。

　　19.從第四段的這句話可以看出，More common is a corporate culture clash between companies,which can put paid to any deal.選擇B

　　歷年真題及答案4

　　We know the mosquito very well.Mosquitoes fly everywhere.They can be found almost all over the world,and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them.

　　No one likes the mosquito.But the mosquito may decide that she loves you.She?Yes,she.It’s true that male mosquito doesn’t bite and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs.She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite.If she likes what she finds,she bites.But if she doesn’t like your blood,she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood.Next time a mosquito bites you,just remember you are chosen.You’re different from the others!

　　If the mosquito likes you,she lands on your body without letting you know.She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different.After she bites,you will have an itch on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood.By the time the itching begins,and she has flown away.

　　And then what happens?Well,after her delicious dinner,the mosquito feels tired.She just wants to find a place to have a good rest.There,on a leaf or a wall,she begins to lay eggs,hundreds of eggs.

　　1.“Mosquito” means ______ in Chinese.

　　A.蒼蠅 B.蜻蜓

　　C.跳蚤 D.蚊子

　　2.We know mosquitoes very well because ______.

　　A.they can be found easily B.they fly here and there

　　C.there are many kinds of them D.they can fly

　　3.If the mosquito doesn’t bite you,it will ________.

　　A.get angry with you B.be afraid of you

　　C.make a lot of noise D.choose another one

　　4.The mosquito bites you _________.

　　A.when you’re asleep B.because you have choose it

　　C.too quickly to let you know D.but doesn’t like you

　　5.Which of the following sentences is wrong?

　　A.The itching begins after the mosquito bites you.

　　B.You feel terrible when the mosquito bites you.

　　C.Mosquitoes use blood to lay eggs.

　　D.All the mosquitoes don’t like to bite people for blood.

　　【答案及解析】

　　1.D。“吸血”和“會飛”是mosquitoes的兩個主要特征。根據這兩個特點，聯系生活常識，即可選定答案。另外，讀罷全文之后，也能將其余選項予以排除。

　　2.B。“We know the mosquito very well.Mosquitoes fly everywhere.”一句是答案的出處。

　　3.D。答案就在“But if she doesn’t like your blood,she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood.”這句話之中。

　　4.C。答案的依據是“…she lands on your body without letting you know.She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different.”一句。

　　5.B。其余三項在文中都有明確的說明。根據上面那個小題的內容，B項明顯是錯誤的。

　　歷年真題及答案5

　　Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

　　How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.

　　Successive governments have pertted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.

　　However,over the past12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

　　The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

　　21.【題干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.will ease train operations burden.

　　B.has kept pace with inflation.

　　C.is a big surprise to commuters.

　　D.remains an unreasonable measure.

　　【答案】D

　　22.【題干】The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.car drivers

　　B.rail travellers

　　C.local investors

　　D.ordinary taxpayers

　　【答案】B

　　23.【題干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.are offering compensations to commuters.

　　B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.

　　C.have failed to provide an adequate service.

　　D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.

　　【答案】C

　　24.【題干】If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.the loss of investment.

　　B.the collapse of operations.

　　C.a reduction of revenue

　　D.a change of ownership.

　　【答案】D

　　25.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　【選項】

　　A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?

　　B.Constant Complaining Doesnt Work

　　C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?

　　D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable

　　【答案】D

　　Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.

　　In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

　　Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.

　　Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,"we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.

　　Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

　　Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

　　26.【題干】According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.facilitate health care reform.

　　B.help poor families get better off.

　　C.improve local education systems.

　　D.lower deforestation rates.

　　【答案】B

　　27.【題干】The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　B.CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　D.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　【答案】D

　　28.【題干】In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.its acceptance level of CCTs.

　　B.its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　C.the relation of ccts to its forest loss.

　　D.the role of its forests in climate change.

　　【答案】C

　　29.【題干】According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.it will benefit other Asian countries.

　　B.it will reduce regional inequality.

　　C.it can protect the environment.

　　D.it can boost grain production.

　　【答案】C

　　30.【題干】What is the text centered on?

　　【選項】

　　A.The effects of a program.

　　B.The debates over a program.

　　C.The process of a study.

　　D.The transferability of a study.

　　【答案】A

　　As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Ive found quite a few,and- since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

　　Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?

　　During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

　　But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by todays digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

　　One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular pearly whites rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

　　A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class: drunks,tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever".

　　31.【題干】According to Paragraph 1,the authors posts on Twitter._____

　　【選項】

　　A.changed peoples impression of the Victorians.

　　B.highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies.

　　C.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image.

　　D.illustrated the development of Victorian photography.

　　【答案】A

　　32.【題干】What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?_____

　　【選項】

　　A.They are in popular use among historians.

　　B.They are rare among photographs of that age.

　　C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

　　D.They show effects of different exposure times.

　　【答案】B

　　33.【題干】What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?_____

　　【選項】

　　A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.

　　B.Their tension before the camera.

　　C.Their distrust of new inventions.

　　D.Their unhealthy dental condition.

　　【答案】D

　　34.【題干】Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.a deep-root belief.

　　B.a misguided attitude.

　　C.a controversial view.

　　D.a thought-provoking idea.

　　【答案】A

　　35.【題干】Which of the following questions does the text answer?_____

　　【選項】

　　A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

　　B.Why did the Victorians start view photographs?

　　C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?

　　D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

　　【答案】A

　　From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.Thats why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

　　Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in 2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,but rejected the commissions authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldnt regulate broadband providers either.

　　The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.

　　On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."

　　In the meantime,the court threw out the FCCs attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commissions power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCCs abdication.

　　The endless legal battles and back-and-for at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

　　36.【題干】There has long been concern that broadband provides would_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.bring web-based firms under control.

　　B.slow down the traffic on their network.

　　C.show partiality in treating clients.

　　D.intensify competition with their rivals.

　　【答案】C

　　37.【題干】Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the Fcc_____.

　　【選項】

　　A.Sticks to an out-of-date order.

　　B.Takes an anti-regulatory stance.

　　C.Has issued a special resolution.